Regarding the price of meat product filling in comparison with the negligible cost of the collagen casings, whole roll of the casings is discharged only on suspicion of a small cut during handling. Once the casings are designed to be biologically resistant, they represent relatively problematic waste that is nowadays rather transported to landfills. This represents a significant cost; once the role is opened, it becomes extremely voluminous. The long-term study that was carried out on a commercial scale assessed two methods of utilization: composting of highly disintegrated casings and composting of charred casings. Robust qualitative and financial analysis revealed that the composting of charred casings was more meaningful both from agrochemical and financial point of view.

GTL TECHNOlogy used to convert natural gas into oil products facilitates natural gas transportation to remote areas, increases value added, meets environmental objectives, recovers oil well gases and converts them into high quality products. That is why countries with large gas reserves are encouraged to use and develop GTL. Accordingly, this paper has tried to present a brief description of GTL process and study the ECONOMIC viability of establishing GTL plants under two scenarios: "with" and "without" development and operation of gas fields. According to the study results, establishment of GTL plants is ECONOMICally viable, the value added of GTL products is higher than that of natural gas and export of GTL products is more profitable than sale of natural gas through pipelines or as LNG. Furthermore, considering the high environmental cost of production of high quality products in oil refineries, GTL products could fully compete with such products in terms of price. The paper concludes with a review of the common investment methods in the downstream gas industry, and presents guidelines for financing GTL projects and attracting technical knowhow.

The intermittent nature of energy has increased the tendency to use hybrid systems, and the optimal control of these systems in terms of cost and reliability has become very important with an increase in the use of hybrid renewable energy systems, especially in remote electrification. In this research, energy management has been done using dynamic decision-making algorithm and intelligent controller. The system automatically and dynamically adapts to changes in the output of the solar and wind power sources and batteries and is able to respond to external requests such as voltage signals, power system limitations, or operator’s requests. The results have showed that if the fraction of renewable energy is 23.8% with an average annual fossil fuel consumption of 407 liters, the production energy of the combined renewable energy conversion system will be equal to 1697 kWh/yr. Accordingly, the net present value will be equal to 553.68 US dollars, and the domestic return rate will equal 21.49% with a return period of 15.71 years.

Levulinic acid (LA) has been reported as an important building block in the road map of converting biomass to value added compounds. Since LA is a versatile molecule, TECHNO-ECONOMIC analysis of its production from C-6 monosaccharides has been investigated. In this study, the process of glucose and fructose conversion to LA was designed in an aqueous solution in presence of HCl as the homogeneous acid catalyst based on published data. In order to perform the ECONOMIC analysis, parameters were considered as feed mass flow rate 300 tons/day, working days per year 330, plant lifetime of 20 years, and 10% internal interest rate. Based on ECONOMIC evaluations, the minimum selling price (MSP) of LA produced from fructose and glucose were 1. 457 and 1. 628 $/Kg, respectively. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate different parameters impacts on MSP. Results indicate that feed price and product yield are major affecting parameters.

Knowing the components of ECONOMIC education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the indicators and components of the ECONOMIC education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding ECONOMIC education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including indicators and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and ECONOMIC ethics (ECONOMIC fields in the society); The dimension of ECONOMIC concepts and knowledge (indices in ECONOMIC education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction indicators in education) were classified. ECONOMIC education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

The southern part of Iran has many CO2 emission sources and considerable potential for storage and utilization demand of CO2 such as oil and gas wells. Based on the importance of CO2 pipeline transport in CCS projects, this study was conducted to develop a budget-type TECHNO-ECONOMIC model for CO2 transmission through pipelines on the southern coasts of Iran. Although the design of a pipeline project with detailed ECONOMIC investigations has a lower error, it needs spending a lot of time and cost. Therefore, it is necessary to create a budget-type TECHNO-ECONOMIC model that includes key technical and ECONOMIC specifications of CO2 transmission pipelines for Iran like similar studies for other countries. In the present study, first, the requirements and the process of construction of a pipeline were described. Then, different ECONOMIC budget-type MODELS were developed based on the results of different technical MODELS and the investment costs of the pipelines, booster stations, etc. It is worth mentioning that the developed budget-type TECHNO-ECONOMIC MODELS have uncertainties due to various technical and ECONOMIC parameters involved in the modeling. Therefore, a stochastic analysis was performed based on the input parameters of the model. For the case study, the pipeline diameter, the investment cost for the 110-km pipeline, and the levelized cost were calculated to be 0.273 m, 18.37 million €, and 1.55 €/ton, respectively which can be for the basic design of CO2 pipelines.

Biobutanol has been introduced as an advanced renewable fuel. Some of the properties of butanol, e. g., complete miscibility with gasoline, high heating value, and immiscibility in water, are unique and superior to other biofuels such as ethanol and biomethane. Biobutanol has only been produced at the laboratory scale and its production on a commercial scale still faces many challenges. In the current study, recent research on the TECHNO-ECONOMIC analysis of biobutanol production, including process simulation and design, are reviewed. Extensive research has been conducted on the production of butanol from lignocellulose materials, a low-cost feedstock, that is not competing with food sources. However, the results show that the cost of butanol production from non-lignocellulosic materials is lower than that from lignocelluloses. Furthermore, it can be concluded that commercial butanol production is facilitated by changing some of the process parameters. These parameters include pretreatment conditions, fermentation mode of operation, enhancement of bacterial performance using genetic engineering, and recovery and purification of butanol from the fermentation broth.

The growing worldwide demand for less polluting forms of energy has led to a renewed interest in the use of micro combined heat and power (CHP) TECHNOlogies in the residential sector. The operation of micro CHP system results in simultaneous production of heat and power in a single household based on small energy conversion units. The heat produced may be used for space and water heating and possibly for cooling load if combined with an absorption chiller, the electricity is used within the house. In this paper, two typical micro CHP alternatives, namely, gas engine and fuel cell for residential buildings, are analyzed. For each facility, two different operating modes including minimum-cost operation and minimum-emission operation are taken into consideration by employing a plan and evaluation model for residential micro CHP systems. The analyses of results show that the fuel cell system is recognized as a better option for the examined residential building from both ECONOMIC and environmental points of view. With the operation considering optimal ECONOMIC benefits, annual energy cost is reduced by about 26%. On the other hand, annual CO2 emissions are reduced by about 9%.